Science

Science

Science (from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.The earliest roots of science can be traced to Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3500 to 3000 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age. The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe from the 10th to 13th century revived "natural philosophy", which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. The scientific method soon played a greater role in knowledge creation and it was not until the 19th century that many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape; along with the changing of "natural philosophy" to "natural science."Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts. There is disagreement, however, on whether the formal sciences actually constitute a science as they do not rely on empirical evidence. Disciplines that use existing scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine, are described as applied sciences.Science is based on research, which is commonly conducted by scientists working in academic and research institutions, government agencies, and companies. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial products, armaments, health care, public infrastructure, and environmental protection.

Latest Publications

Cover image for Presidency University Newsletter - February 2025

Presidency University Newsletter - February 2025

Presidency College

This newsletter highlights the activities and events at Presidency University in February 2025. It includes felicitation at the 32nd West Bengal State Science & Technology Congress, seminars, workshops, and lectures …

Cover image for INSA Associate Fellows (IAF) for the Year 2025

INSA Associate Fellows (IAF) for the Year 2025

INSA: Indian National Science Academy

This document lists the recipients of the INSA (Indian National Science Academy) Associate Fellows (IAF) award for the year 2025. The recipients are researchers from various scientific disciplines across India, …

Cover image for Denver Museum of Nature & Science 125th Anniversary Galactic Gold Celebration

Denver Museum of Nature & Science 125th Anniversary Galactic Gold Celebration

Denver Museum of Nature and Science

The Denver Museum of Nature & Science is celebrating its 125th anniversary with a "Galactic Gold Celebration" on August 8, 2025. The event will blend the adventurous spirit of the …

Cover image for Global Young Scientists Conference Held at IIT Hyderabad

Global Young Scientists Conference Held at IIT Hyderabad

Government of India, Ministry of Education

Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan chaired the Global Young Scientists Conference and Annual General Meeting of the Global Young Academy at IIT Hyderabad. He emphasized India's commitment to empathetic, ethical, …

Cover image for IIT Hyderabad Faculty AIPR Submission Status for 2024

IIT Hyderabad Faculty AIPR Submission Status for 2024

IITH: Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad

This document lists the faculty members of the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, along with their designation, department, and whether they have submitted their Annual Immovable Property Return (AIPR) for …

Cover image for Leadership Development Program in Science & Technology (LEADS)

Leadership Development Program in Science & Technology (LEADS)

INSA: Indian National Science Academy

The Leadership Development Program in Science & Technology (LEADS), organized by the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) and the National Centre for Good Governance (NCGG), is a residential program designed …

Cover image for Museon-Omniversum Educational Program 2025-2026: Primary Education

Museon-Omniversum Educational Program 2025-2026: Primary Education

Museon-Omniversum

This document outlines the educational programs offered by Museon-Omniversum for primary schools in the 2025-2026 academic year. It features a variety of museum lessons, tours, and dome films designed to …

Cover image for Indian Students Participate in Sakura Science High School Programme 2025

Indian Students Participate in Sakura Science High School Programme 2025

Government of India, Ministry of Education

Shri Sanjay Kumar flagged off 20 Indian students for the Sakura Science High School Programme 2025 in Japan. The program, organized by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), aims …

Cover image for Faculty Examiner Panel for Arts and Science Colleges (2024-2025)

Faculty Examiner Panel for Arts and Science Colleges (2024-2025)

Annamalai University

This document lists faculty members eligible to be examiners for undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) courses in arts and science colleges for the academic year 2024-2025. The list includes faculty …

Cover image for IACS PhD Program Admission Notice 2025-26

IACS PhD Program Admission Notice 2025-26

IACS: Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science

The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS) invites applications for its full-time PhD program, commencing in August 2025. The program spans across various schools, including Applied and Interdisciplinary …